Lorentz diaphragm electromagnetic ink jet printing mechanism

ABSTRACT

This patent describes an ink jet printer having a nozzle chamber with one wall of the chamber comprising a moveable diaphragm actuated by means of a Lorenz force so as to cause the consequential ejection of ink from the ink ejection chamber. The diaphragm can include an embedded conductive coil and is of a corrugated or concertinaed form such that it expandable by concertinaing upon actuation. The diaphragm can be formed through utilisation of an appropriately half-toned mask utilizing silicon fabrication techniques.

CROSS REFERENCES TO APPLICATIONS

The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, U.S. patent applications identified by their U.S. patent application serial numbers (USSN) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the U.S. patent applications claim the right of priority.

U.S. Pat. application (CLAIMING RIGHT OF PRIORITY FROM CROSS-REFERENCED AUSTRALIAN AUSTRALIAN PROVISIONAL PROVISIONAL PATENT NO. APPLICATION) DOCKET NO. PO7991 09/113,060 ART01 PO8505 09/113,070 ART02 PO7988 09/113,073 ART03 PO9395 09/112,748 ART04 PO8017 09/112,747 ART06 PO8014 09/112,776 ART07 PO8025 09/112,750 ART08 PO8032 09/112,746 ART09 PO7999 09/112,743 ART10 PO7998 09/112,742 ART11 PO8031 09/112,741 ART12 PO8030 09/112,740 ART13 PO7997 09/112,739 ART15 PO7979 09/113,053 ART16 PO8015 09/112,738 ART17 PO7978 09/113,067 ART18 PO7982 09/113,063 ART19 PO7989 09/113,069 ART20 PO8019 09/112,744 ART21 PO7980 09/113,058 ART22 PO8018 09/112,777 ART24 PO7938 09/113,224 ART25 PO8016 09/112,804 ART26 PO8024 09/112,805 ART27 PO7940 09/113,072 ART28 PO7939 09/112,785 ART29 PO8501 09/112,797 ART30 PO8500 09/112,796 ART31 PO7987 09/113,071 ART32 PO8022 09/112,824 ART33 PO8497 09/113,090 ART34 PO8020 09/112,823 ART38 PO8023 09/113,222 ART39 PO8504 09/112,786 ART42 PO8000 09/113,051 ART43 PO7977 09/112,782 ART44 PO7934 09/113,056 ART45 PO7990 09/113,059 ART46 PO8499 09/113,091 ART47 PO8502 09/112,753 ART48 PO7981 09/113,055 ART50 PO7986 09/113,057 ART51 PO7983 09/113,054 ART52 PO8026 09/112,752 ART53 PO8027 09/112,759 ART54 PO8028 09/112,757 ART56 PO9394 09/112,758 ARTS7 P69396 09/113,107 ART58 PO9397 09/112,829 ART59 PO9398 09/112,792 ART60 PO9399 09/112,791 ART61 PO9400 09/112,790 ART62 PO9401 09/112,789 ART63 PO9402 09/112,788 ART64 PO9403 09/112,795 ART65 PO9405 09/112,749 ART66 PP0959 09/112,784 ART68 PP1397 09/112,783 ART69 PP2370 09/112,781 DOT01 PP2371 09/113,052 DOT02 PO8003 09/112,834 Fluid01 PO8005 09/113,103 Fluid02 PO9404 09/113,101 Fluid03 PO8066 09/112,751 IJ01 PO8072 09/112,787 IJ02 PO8040 09/112,802 IJ03 PO8071 09/112,803 IJ04 PO8047 09/113,097 IJ05 PO8035 09/113,099 IJ06 PO8044 09/113,084 IJ07 PO8063 09/113,066 IJ08 PO8057 09/112,778 IJ09 PO8056 09/112,779 IJ10 PO8069 09/113,077 IJ11 PO8049 09/113,061 IJ12 PO8036 09/112,818 IJ13 PO8048 09/112,816 IJ14 PO8070 09/112,772 IJ15 PO8067 09/112,819 IJ16 PO8001 09/112,815 IJ17 PO8038 09/113,096 IJ18 PO8033 09/113,068 IJ19 PO8002 09/113,095 IJ20 PO8068 09/112,808 IJ21 PO8062 09/112,809 IJ22 PO8034 09/112,780 IJ23 PO8039 09/113,083 IJ24 PO8041 09/113,121 IJ25 PO8004 09/113,122 IJ26 PO8037 09/112,793 IJ27 PO8043 09/112,794 IJ28 PO8042 09/113,128 IJ29 PO8064 09/113,127 IJ30 PO9389 09/112,756 IJ31 PO9391 09/112,755 JJ32 PP0888 09/112,754 IJ33 PP0891 09/112,811 IJ34 PP0890 09/112,812 IJ35 PP0873 09/112,813 IJ36 PP0993 09/112,814 IJ37 PP0890 09/112,764 IJ38 PP1398 09/112,765 IJ39 PP2592 09/112,767 IJ40 PP2593 09/112,768 IJ41 PP3991 09/112,807 IJ42 PP3987 09/112,806 IJ43 PO8040 09/112,802 IJ03 PO8071 09/112,803 IJ04 PO8047 09/113,097 IJ05 PO8035 09/113,099 IJ06 PO8044 09/113,084 IJ07 PO8063 09/113,066 IJ08 PO8057 09/112,778 IJ09 PO8056 09/112,779 IJ10 PO8069 09/113,077 IJ11 PO8049 09/113,061 IJ12 PO8036 09/112,818 IJ13 PO8048 09/112,816 IJ14 PO8070 09/112,772 IJ15 PO8067 09/112,819 IJ16 PO8001 09/112,815 IJ17 PO8038 09/113,096 IJ18 PO8033 09/113,068 IJ19 PO8002 09/113,095 IJ20 PO8068 09/112,808 IJ21 PO8062 09/112,809 IJ22 PO8034 09/112,780 IJ23 PO8039 09/113,083 IJ24 PO8041 09/113,121 IJ25 PO8004 09/113,122 IJ26 PO8037 09/112,793 IJ27 PO8043 09/112,794 IJ28 PO8042 09/113,128 IJ29 PO8064 09/113,127 IJ30 PO9389 09/112,756 IJ31 PO9391 09/112,755 IJ32 PP0888 09/112,754 IJ33 PP0891 09/112,811 IJ34 PP0890 09/112,812 IJ35 PP0873 09/112,813 IJ36 PP0993 09/112,814 IJ37 PP0890 09/112,764 IJ38 PP1398 09/112,765 IJ39 PP2592 09/112,767 IJ40 PP2593 09/112,768 IJ41 PP3991 09/112,807 IJ42 PP3987 09/112,806 IJ43 PP3985 09/112,820 IJ44 PP3983 09/112,821 IJ45 PO7935 09/112,822 IJM01 PO7936 09/112,825 IJM02 PO7937 09/112,826 IJM03 PO8061 09/112,827 IJM04 PO8054 09/112,828 IJM05 PO8065 09/113,111 IJM06 PO8055 09/113,108 IJM07 PO8053 09/113,109 IJM08 PO8078 09/113,123 IJM09 PO7933 09/113,114 IJM10 PO7950 09/113,115 IJM11 PO7949 09/113,129 IJM12 PO8060 09/113,124 IJM13 PO8059 09/113,125 IJM14 PO8073 09/113,126 IJM15 PO8076 09/113,119 IJM16 PO8075 09/113,120 IJM17 PO8079 09/113,221 IJM18 PO8050 09/113,116 IJM19 PO8052 09/113,118 IJM20 PO7948 09/113,117 IJM21 PO7951 09/113,113 IJM22 PO8074 09/113,130 IJM23 PO7941 09/113,110 IJM24 PO8077 09/113,112 IJM25 PO8058 09/113,087 IJM26 PO8051 09/113,074 IJM27 PO8045 09/113,089 IJM28 PO7952 09/113,088 IJM29 PO8046 09/112,771 IJM30 PO9390 09/112,769 IJM31 PO9392 09/112,770 IJM32 PP0889 09/112,798 IJM35 PP0887 09/112,801 IJM36 PP0882 09/112,800 IJM37 PP0874 09/112,799 IJM38 PP1396 09/113,098 IJM39 PP3989 09/112,833 IJM40 PP2591 09/112,832 IJM41 PP3990 09/112,831 IJM42 PP3986 09/112,830 IJM43 PP3984 09/112,836 IJM44 PP3982 09/112,835 IJM45 PP0895 09/113,102 IR01 PP0870 09/113,106 IR02 PP0869 09/113,105 IR04 PP0887 09/113,104 IR05 PP0885 09/112,810 IR06 PP0884 09/112,766 IR10 PP0886 09/113,085 IR12 PP0871 09/113,086 IR13 PP0876 09/113,094 IR14 PP0877 09/112,760 IR16 PP0878 09/112,773 IR17 PP0879 09/112,774 IR18 PP0883 09/112,775 IR19 PP0880 09/112,745 IR20 PP0881 09/113,092 IR21 PO8006 09/113,100 MEMS02 PO8007 09/113,093 MEMS03 PO8008 09/113,062 MEMS04 PO8010 09/113,064 MEMS05 PO8011 09/113,082 MEMS06 PO7947 09/113,081 MEMS07 PO7944 09/113,080 MEMS09 PO7946 09/113,079 MEMS10 PO9393 09/113,065 MEMS11 PP0875 09/113,078 MEMS12 PP0894 09/113,075 MEMS13

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to ink jet printing and in particular discloses a Lorentz diaphragm electromagnetic ink jet printer.

The present invention further relates to the field of drop on demand ink jet printing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many different types of printing have been invented, a large number of which are presently in use. The known forms of print have a variety of methods for marking the print media with a relevant marking media. Commonly used forms of printing include offset printing, laser printing and copying devices, dot matrix type impact printers, thermal paper printers, film recorders, thermal wax printers, dye sublimation printers and ink jet printers both of the drop on demand and continuous flow type. Each type of printer has its own advantages and problems when considering cost, speed, quality, reliability, simplicity of construction and operation etc.

In recent years, the field of ink jet printing, wherein each individual pixel of ink is derived from one or more ink nozzles has become increasingly popular primarily due to its inexpensive and versatile nature.

Many different techniques on ink jet printing have been invented. For a survey of the field, reference is made to an article by J Moore, “Non-Impact Printing: Introduction and Historical Perspective”, Output Hard Copy Devices, Editors R Dubeck and S Sherr, pages 207-220 (1988).

Ink Jet printers themselves come in many different types. The use of a continuous stream ink in ink jet printing appears to date back to at least 1929 wherein U.S. Pat. No. 1,941,001 by Hansell discloses a simple form of continuous stream electro-static ink jet printing.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,275 by Sweet also discloses a process of a continuous ink jet printing including the step wherein the ink jet stream is modulated by a high frequency electrostatic field so as to cause drop separation. This technique is still used by several manufacturers including Elmjet and Scitex (see also U.S. Pat. No. 3,373,437 by Sweet et al.)

Piezoelectric ink jet printers are also one form of commonly used ink jet printing device. Piezoelectric systems are disclosed by Kyser et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 (1970) which uses a diaphragm mode of operation, by Zolten in U.S. Pat. 3,683,212 (1970) which discloses a squeeze mode of operation of a piezoelectric crystal, Stemme in U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 (1972) discloses a bend mode of piezoelectric operation, Howkins in U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,601 discloses a piezoelectric push mode actuation of the ink jet stream and Fischbeck in U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,590 which discloses a shear mode type of piezoelectric transducer element.

Recently, thermal ink jet printing has become an extremely popular form of ink jet printing. The ink jet printing techniques include those disclosed by Endo et al in GB 2007162 (1979) and Vaught et at in U.S. Pat. 4,490,728. Both the aforementioned references disclosed ink jet printing techniques rely upon the activation of an electrothermal actuator which result in the creation of a bubble in a constricted space, such as a nozzle, which thereby causes the ejection of ink from an aperture connected to the confined space onto a print media. Printing devices using the electro-thermal actuator are manufactured by manufacturers such as Canon and Hewlett Packard.

As can be seen from the foregoing, many different types of printing technologies are available. Ideally, a printing technology should have a number of desirable attributes. These include inexpensive construction and operation, high speed operation, safe and continuous long term operation etc. Each technology may have its own advantages and disadvantages in the areas of cost, speed, quality, reliability, power usage, simplicity of construction operation, durability and consumables.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention to create an alternative form of ink jet printing mechanism able to eject ink drops on demand.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, an ink jet print nozzle is presented comprising an ink ejection chamber having an ejection port for the ejection of ink, which is in fluid communication with an ink reservoir for the supply of ink to be ejected, where at least one wall of the chamber comprises a moveable diaphragm actuated by means of a Lorenz force so as to cause the consequential ejection of ink from the ejection chamber. The moveable diaphragm is of a corrugated or concertina form and includes an embedded conductive coil. Upon actuation of the diaphragm by the Lorentz interaction between a current in the conducted coils and a static magnetic field, the diaphragm is expandable by a concertina. Preferably, the diaphragm is formed is formed through use of an approximately half-toned mask. The ink chamber in the ink jet print nozzle is formed by means of an isotropic etch of a silicon wafer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of a single ink jet nozzle chamber apparatus constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a top cross-sectional view of a single ink jet nozzle chamber apparatus with the diaphragm in its activated stage;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the exposure of a resist layer through a halftone mask;

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the resist layer after development exhibiting a corrugated pattern;

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the transfer of the corrugated pattern onto the substrate by etching;

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the construction of an embedded, corrugated, conduction layer; and

FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the construction of a single ink jet nozzle in accordance with the preferred embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the heater traces used in a single ink jet nozzle constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment.

FIG. 9 provides a legend of the materials indicated in FIG. 10 to 21; and

FIG. 10 to FIG. 21 illustrate sectional views of the manufacturing steps in one form of construction of an ink jet printhead nozzle.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment uses a Lorentz force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field to actuate a diaphragm for the injection of ink from a nozzle chamber via a nozzle hole. The magnetic field is static and is provided by a permanent magnetic yoke around the nozzles of an ink jet head.

Referring initially to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a single ink jet nozzle chamber apparatus 10 as constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment. Each ink jet nozzle 10 includes a diaphragm 11 of a corrugated form which is suspended over a nozzle chamber having a ink port 13 for the injection of ink. The diaphragm 11 is constructed from a number of layers including a plane copper coil layer which consists of a large number of copper coils which form a circuit for the flow of electric current across the diaphragm 11. The electric current in the wires of the diaphragm coil section 11 all flowing in the same direction. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the current circuit utilised in the construction of a single ink jet nozzle, illustrating the corrugated structure of the traces in the diaphragm 11 of FIG. 1. A permanent magnetic yoke (not shown) is arranged so that the magnetic field β, 16, is in the plane of the chip's surface, perpendicular to the direction of current flow across the diaphragm coil 11.

In FIG. 2, there is illustrated a sectional view of the ink jet nozzle 10 taken along the line A-A¹ of FIG. 1 when the diaphragm 11 has been activated by current flowing through coil wires 14. The diaphragm 11 is forced generally in the direction of nozzle 13 thereby resulting in ink within chamber 18 being ejected out of port 13. The diaphragm 11 and chamber 18 are connected to an ink reservoir 19 which, after the ejection of ink via port 13, results in a refilling of chamber 18 from ink reservoir 19.

The movement of the diaphragm 11 results from a Lorentz interaction between the coil current and the magnetic field.

The diaphragm 11 is corrugated so that the diaphragm motion occurs as an elastic bending motion. This is important as a flat diaphragm may be prevented from flexing by tensile stress.

When data signals distributed on the printhead indicate that a particular nozzle is to eject a drop of ink, the drive transistor for that nozzle is turned on. This energizes the coil 14, causing elastic deformation of the diaphragm 11 downwards, ejecting ink. After approximately 3 μs, the coil current is turned off, and the diaphragm 11 returns to its quiescent position. The diaphragm return ‘sucks’ some of the ink back into the nozzle, causing the ink ligament connecting the ink drop 20 to the ink in the nozzle to thin. The forward velocity of the drop and backward velocity of the ink in the chamber 18 are resolved by the ink drop 20 breaking off from the ink in the nozzle. The ink drop 20 then continues towards the recording medium. Ink refill of the nozzle chamber 18 is via the two slots 22, 23 at either side of the diaphragm. The ink refill is caused by the surface tension of the ink meniscus at the nozzle.

Turning to FIG. 3, the corrugated diaphragm can be formed by depositing a resist layer 30 on top of a sacrificial glass layer 31. The resist layer 30 is exposed using a mask 32 having a halftone pattern delineating the corrugations.

After development, as is illustrated in FIG. 4, the resist 30 contains the corrugation pattern. The resist layer 30 and the sacrificial glass layer are then etched using an etchant that erodes the resist 30 at substantially the same rate as the sacrificial glass 31. This transfers the corrugated pattern into the sacrificial glass layer 31 as illustrated in FIG. 5. As illustrated in FIG. 6, subsequently, a nitride passivation layer 34 is deposited followed a copper layer 35 which is patterned using a coil mask. A further nitride passivation layer 36 follows on top of the copper layer 35. Slots 22, 23 in the nitride layer at the side of the diaphragm can be etched (FIG. 1) and subsequently, the sacrificial glass layer can be etched away leaving the corrugated diaphragm.

In FIG. 7, there is illustrated an exploded perspective view of the various layers of an ink jet nozzle 10 which is constructed on a silicon wafer having a buried boron doped epitaxial layer 40 which is back etched in a final processing step, including the etching of ink port 13. The silicon substrate 41, as will be discussed below, is an anisotropically crystallographically etched so as to form the nozzle chamber structure. On top of the silicon substrate layer 41 is a CMOS layer 42 which can comprise standard CMOS processing to form two level metal drive and control circuitry. On top of the CMOS layer 42 is a first passivation layer which can comprise silicon nitride which protects the lower layers from any subsequent etching processes. On top of this layer is formed the copper layer 45 having through holes eg. 46 to the CMOS layer 42 for the supply of current. On top of the copper layer 45 is a second nitrate passivation layer 47 which provides for protection of the copper layer from ink and provides insulation.

The nozzle 10 can be formed as part of an array of nozzles formed on a single wafer. After construction, the wafer creating nozzles 10 can be bonded to a second ink supply wafer having ink channels for the supply of ink such that the nozzle 10 is effectively supplied with an ink reservoir on one side and ejects ink through the hole 13 onto print media or the like on demand as required.

The nozzle chamber 18 is formed using an anisotropic crystallographic etch of the silicon substrate. Etchant access to the substrate is via the slots 22, 23 at the sides of the diaphragm. The device is manufactured on <100> silicon (with a buried boron etch stop layer), but rotated 45° in relation to the <010> and <001> planes. Therefore, the <111> planes which stop the crystallographic etch of the nozzle chamber form a 45° rectangle which superscribes the slot in the nitride layer. This etch will proceed quite slowly, due to limited access of etchant to the silicon. However, the etch can be performed at the same time as the bulk silicon etch which thins the wafer. The drop firing rate is around 7 KHz. The ink jet head is suitable for fabrication as a monolithic page wide print head. The illustration shows a single nozzle of a 1600 dpi print head in ‘down shooter’ configuration.

One form of detailed manufacturing process which can be used to fabricate monolithic ink jet print heads operating in accordance with the principles taught by the present embodiment can proceed utilizing the following steps:

1. Using a double sided polished wafer 50 deposit 3 microns of epitaxial silicon heavily doped with boron 40.

2. Deposit 10 microns of epitaxial silicon 41, either p-type or n-type, depending upon the CMOS process used.

3. Complete drive transistors, data distribution, and timing circuits using a 0.5 micron, one poly, 2 metal CMOS process. This step is shown in FIG. 10. For clarity, these diagrams may not be to scale, and may not represent a cross section though any single plane of the nozzle. FIG. 9 is a key to representations of various materials in these manufacturing diagrams, and those of other cross referenced ink jet configurations.

4. Etch the CMOS oxide layers down to silicon or aluminum using Mask 1. This mask defines the nozzle chamber, and the edges of the print heads chips. This step is shown in FIG. 11.

5. Crystallographically etch the exposed silicon using, for example, KOH or EDP (ethylenediamine pyrocatechol). This etch stops on <111> crystallographic planes, and on the boron doped silicon buried layer. This step is shown in FIG. 12.

6. Deposit 12 microns of sacrificial material (polyimide) 52. Planarize down to oxide using CMP. The sacrificial material temporarily fills the nozzle cavity. This step is shown in FIG. 13.

7. Deposit 1 micron of (sacrificial) photosensitive polyimide.

8. Expose and develop the photosensitive polyimide using Mask 2. This mask is a gray-scale mask which defines the concertina ridges of the flexible membrane containing the central part of the solenoid. The result of the etch is a series of triangular ridges 53 across the whole length of the ink pushing membrane. This step is shown in FIG. 14.

9. Deposit 0.1 microns of PECVD silicon nitride (Si3N4) (Not shown).

10. Etch the nitride layer using Mask 3. This mask defines the contact vias 54 from the solenoid coil to the second-level metal contacts.

11. Deposit a seed layer of copper.

12. Spin on 2 microns of resist 56, expose with Mask 4, and develop. This mask defines the coil of the solenoid. The resist acts as an electroplating mold. This step is shown in FIG. 15.

13. Electroplate 1 micron of copper 55. Copper is used for its low resistivity (which results in higher efficiency) and its high electromigration resistance, which increases reliability at high current densities.

14. Strip the resist and etch the exposed copper seed layer 57. This step is shown in FIG. 16.

15. Deposit 0.1 microns of silicon nitride (Si3N4) (Not shown).

16. Etch the nitride layer using Mask 5. This mask defines the edges of the ink pushing membrane and the bond pads.

17. Wafer probe. All electrical connections are complete at this point, bond pads are accessible, and the chips are not yet separated.

18. Mount the wafer on a glass blank 58 and back-etch the wafer using KOH with no mask. This etch thins the wafer and stops at the buried boron doped silicon layer. This step is shown in FIG. 17.

19. Plasma back-etch the boron doped silicon layer to a depth of 1 micron using Mask 6. This mask defines the nozzle rim 59. This step is shown in FIG. 18.

20. Plasma back-etch through the boron doped layer using Mask 7. This mask defines the nozzle 13, and the edge of the chips. At this stage, the chips are still mounted on the glass blank. This step is shown in FIG. 19.

21. Strip the adhesive layer to detach the chips from the glass blank. Etch the sacrificial layer. This process completely separates the chips. This step is shown in FIG. 20.

22. Mount the printheads in their packaging, which may be a molded plastic former incorporating ink channels which supply different colors of ink 60 to the appropriate regions of the front surface of the wafer.

23. Connect the printheads to their interconnect systems.

24. Hydrophobize the front surface of the printheads.

25. Fill with ink, apply a strong magnetic field in the plane of the chip surface, and test the completed printheads. A filled nozzle is shown in FIG. 21.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

The presently disclosed ink jet printing technology is potentially suited to a wide range of printing systems including: colour and monochrome office printers, short run digital printers, high speed digital printers, offset press supplemental printers, low cost scanning printers, high speed pagewidth printers, notebook computers with inbuilt pagewidth printers, portable color and monochrome printers, color and monochrome copiers, color and monochrome facsimile machines, combined printer, facsimile and copying machines, label printers, large format plotters, photograph copiers, printers for digital photographic ‘minilabs’, video printers, portable printers for PDAs, wallpaper printers, indoor sign printers, billboard printers, fabric printers, camera printers and fault tolerant commercial printer arrays.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per printhead, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth printheads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Forty-five different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems.

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the printhead is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the printhead is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest printhead designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The printheads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the printhead by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The printhead is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Ink Jets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain ink jet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above which matches the docket numbers in the table under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these forty-five examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into ink jet printheads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a print technology may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal An electrothermal ♦ Large force ♦ High power ♦ Canon Bubblejet bubble heater heats the ink to generated ♦ Ink carrier limited 1979 Endo et al GB above boiling point, ♦ Simple to water patent 2,007,162 transferring significant construction ♦ Low efficiency ♦ Xerox heater-in- heat to the aqueous ♦ No moving parts. ♦ High temperatures pit 1990 Hawkins et ink. A bubble ♦ Fast operation required al U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 nucleates and quickly ♦ Small chip area ♦ High mechanical ♦ Hewlett-Packard forms, expelling the required for actuator stress TIJ 1982 Vaught et ink. ♦ Unusual materials al U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,728 The efficiency of the required process is low, with ♦ Large drive typically less than transistors 0.05% of the electrical ♦ Cavitation causes energy being actuator failure transformed into ♦ Kogation reduces kinetic energy of the bubble formation drop. ♦ Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezo- A piezoelectric crystal ♦ Low power ♦ Very large area ♦ Kyser et al electric such as lead lanthanum consumption required for actuator U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 zirconate (PZT) is ♦ Many ink types ♦ Difficult to ♦ Zoltan U.S. electrically activated, can be used integrate with Pat. No. 3,683,212 and either expands, ♦ Fast operation electronics ♦ 1973 Stemme shears, or bends to ♦ High efficiency ♦ High voltage U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 apply pressure to the drive transistors ♦ Epson Stylus ink, ejecting drops. required ♦ Tektronix ♦ Full pagewidth ♦ IJ04 print heads impractical due to actuator size ♦ Requires electrical poling in high field strengths during manufacture Electro- An electric field is ♦ Low power ♦ Low maximum ♦ Seiko Epson, Usui strictive used to activate consumption strain (approx. et all JP 253401/96 electrostriction in ♦ Many ink types 0.01%) ♦ IJ04 relaxor materials such can be used ♦ Large area as lead lanthanum ♦ Low thermal required for actuator zirconate titanate expansion due to low strain (PLZT) or lead ♦ Electric field ♦ Response speed is magnesium niobate strength required marginal (˜10 μs) (PMN). (approx. 3.5 V/μm) ♦ High voltage can be generated drive transistors without difficulty required ♦ Does not require ♦ Full pagewidth electrical poling print heads impractical due to actuator size Ferro- An electric field is ♦ Low power ♦ Difficult to ♦ IJ04 electric used to induce a phase consumption integrate with transition between the ♦ Many ink types eiectronics antiferroelectric (AFE) can be used ♦ Unusual materials and ferroelectric (FE) ♦ Fast operation such as PLZSnT are phase. Perovskite (<1 μs) required materials such as tin ♦ Relatively high ♦ Actuators require modified lead longitudinai strain a large area lanthanum zirconate High efficiency titanate (PLZSnT) ♦ Electric field exhibit large strains of strength of around 3 up to 1% associated V/μm can be readily with the AFE to FE provided phase transition. Electro- Conductive plates are ♦ Low power ♦ Difficult to ♦ IJ02, IJ04 static plates separated by a consumption operate electrostatic compressible or fluid ♦ Many ink types devices in an dielectric (usually air). can be used aqueous Upon application of a ♦ Fast operation enviromnent voltage, the plates ♦ The electrostatic attract each other and actuator will. displace ink, causing normally need to be drop ejection. The separated from the conductive plates may ink be in a comb or ♦ Very large area honeycomb structure, required to achieve or stacked to increase high forces the surface area and ♦ High voltage therefore the force. drive transistors may be required ♦ Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electro- A strong electric field ♦ Low current ♦ High voltage ♦ 1989 Saito et al, static pull is applied to the ink, consumption required U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,068 on ink where upon ♦ Low temperature ♦ May be damaged ♦ 1989 Miura et al, electrostatic attraction by sparks due to air U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,954 accelerates the ink breakdown ♦ Tone-jet towards the print ♦ Required field medium. strength increases as the drop size decreases ♦ High voltage drive transistors required ♦ Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet ♦ Low power ♦ Complex ♦ IJ07, IJ10 magnet directly attracts a consumption fabrication electro- permanent magnet, ♦ Many ink types ♦ Permanent magnetic displacing ink and can be used magnetic material causing drop ejection. ♦ Fast operation such as Neodymium Rare earth magnets ♦ High efficiency Iron Boron (NdFeB) with a field strength ♦ Easy extension required. around 1 Tesla can be from single nozzles ♦ High local used. Examples are: to pagewidth print currents required Sanrarium Cobalt heads ♦ Copper (SaCo) and magnetic metalization should materials in the be used for long neodymium iron boron electromigration family (NdFeB, lifetime and low NdDyFeBNb, resistivity NdDyFeB, etc) ♦ Pigmented inks are usually infeasible ♦ Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft A solenoid induced a ♦ Low power ♦ Complex ♦ IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, magnetic magnetic field in a soft consumption fabrication IJ10, IJ12, IJ14, core magnetic core or yoke ♦ Many ink types ♦ Materials not IJ15, IJ17 electro- fabricated from a can be used usually present in a magnetic ferrous material such ♦ Fast operation CMOS fab such as as electroplated iron ♦ High efficiency NiFe, CoNiFe, or alloys such as CoNiFe ♦ Easy extension CoFe are required [1], CoFe, or NiFe from single nozzles ♦ High local alloys. Typically, the to pagewidth print currents required soft magnetic material heads ♦ Copper is in two parts, which metalization should are normally held apart be used for long by a spring. When the electromigration solenoid is actuated, lifetime and low the two parts attract, resistivity displacing the ink. ♦ Electroplating is required ♦ High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Lorenz The Lorenz force ♦ Low power ♦ Force acts as a ♦ IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, force acting on a current consumption twisting motion IJ16 carrying wire in a ♦ Many ink types ♦ Typically, only a magnetic field is can be used quarter of the utilized. ♦ Fast operation solenoid length This allows the ♦ High efficiency provides force in a magnetic field to be ♦ Easy extension useful direction supplied externally to from single nozzles ♦ High local the print head, for to pagewidth print currents required example with rare heads ♦ Copper earth permanent metalization should magnets. be used for long Only the current electromigration carrying wire need be lifetime and low fabricated on the print- resistivity head, simplifying ♦ Pigmented inks materials are usually requirements. infeasible Magneto- The actuator uses the ♦ Many ink types ♦ Force acts as a ♦ Fischenheck, striction giant magnetostrictive can be used twisting motion U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,929 effect of materials ♦ Fast operation ♦ Unusual materials ♦ IJ25 such as Terfenol-D (an ♦ Easy extension such as Terfenol-D alloy of terbium, from single nozzles are required dysprosium and iron to pagewidth print ♦ High local developed at the Naval heads currents required Ordnance Laboratory, ♦ High force is ♦ Copper hence Ter-Fe-NOL). available metaiization should For best efficiency, the be used for long actuator should be pre- electromigration stressed to approx. 8 lifetime and low MPa. resistivity ♦ Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under positive ♦ Low power ♦ Requires ♦ Silverbrook, EP tension pressure is held in a consumption supplementary force 0771 658 A2 and reduction nozzle by surface ♦ Simple to effect drop related patent tension. The surface construction separation applications tension of the ink is ♦ No unusual ♦ Requires special reduced below the materials required in ink surfactants bubble threshold, fabrication ♦ Speed may be causing the ink to ♦ High efficiency limited by surfactant egress from the nozzle. ♦ Easy extension properties from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is ♦ Simple ♦ Requires ♦ Silverbrook, EP reduction locally reduced to construction supplementary force 0771 658 A2 and select which drops are ♦ No unusual to effect drop related patent to be ejected. A materials required in separation applications viscosity reduction can fabrication ♦ Requires speciai be achieved ♦ Easy extension ink viscosity electrothermally with ftom single nozzles properties most inks, but special to pagewidth print ♦ High speed is inks can be engineered heads difficult to achieve for a 100:1 viscosity ♦ Requires reduction. oscillating ink pressure ♦ A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is ♦ Can operate ♦ Complex drive ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu generated and without a nozzle circuitry et al, EUP 550,192 focussed upon the plate ♦ Complex ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, drop ejection region. fabrication EUP 572,220 ♦ Low efficiency ♦ Poor control of drop position ♦ Poor control of drop volume Thermo- An actuator which ♦ Low power ♦ Efficient aqueous ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, elastic bend relies upon differential consumption operation requires a IJ18, IJ19, IJ20, actuator thermal expansion ♦ Many ink types thermal insulator on IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, upon Joule heating is can be used the hot side IJ24, IJ27, 1128, used. ♦ Simple planar ♦ Corrosion IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, fabrication prevention can be IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, ♦ Small chip area difficult IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, required for each ♦ Pigmented inks IJ38 ,IJ39, IJ40, actuator may be infeasible, IJ41 ♦ Fast operation as pigment particles ♦ High efficiency may jam the bend ♦ CMOS actuator compatible voltages and currents ♦ Standard MEMS processes can be used ♦ Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a very ♦ High force can be ♦ Requires special ♦ IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, thermo- high coefficient of generated material (e.g. PTFE) IJ20, IJ21, IJ22, elastic thermal expansion ♦ Three methods of ♦ Requires a PTFE IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, actuator (CTE) such as PTFE deposition are deposition process, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, polytetrafluoroethylene under development: which is not yet IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, (PTFE) is used. As chemical vapor standard in ULSI IJ44 high CTE materials are deposition (CVD), fabs usually non- spin coating, and ♦ PTFE deposition conductive, a heater evaporation cannot be followed fabricated from a ♦ PTFE is a with high conductive material is candidate for low temperature (above incorporated. A 50 μm dielectric constant 350° C.) processing long PTFE bend insulation in ULSI ♦ Pigmented inks actuator with ♦ Very low power may be infeasible, polysilicon heater and consumption as pigment particles 15 mW power input ♦ Many ink types may jam the bend can provide 180 μN can be used actuator force and 10 μm ♦ Simple planar deflection. Actuator fabrication motions include: ♦ Small chip area Bend required for each Push actuator Buckle ♦ Fast operation Rotate ♦ High efficiency ♦ CMOS compatible voltages and currents ♦ Easy extension ♦ from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conduct-ive A polymer with a high ♦ High force can be ♦ Requires special ♦ IJ24 polymer coefficient of thermal generated materials thermo- expansion (such as ♦ Very low power development (High elastic PTFE) is doped with consumption CTE conductive actuator conducting substances ♦ Many ink types polymer) to increase its can be used ♦ Requires a PTFE conductivity to about 3 ♦ Simple planar deposition process, orders of magnitude fabrication which is not yet below that of copper. ♦ Small chip area standard in ULSI The conducting required for each fabs polymer expands when actuator ♦ PTFE deposition resistively heated. ♦ Fast operation cannot be followed Examples of ♦ High efficiency with high conducting dopants ♦ CMOS temperature (above include: compatible voltages 350° C.) processing Carbon nanotubes and currents ♦ Evaporation and Metal fibers ♦ Easy extension CVD deposition Conductive polymers from single nozzles techniques cannot such as doped to pagewidth print be used polythiophene heads ♦ Pigmented inks Carbon granules may be infeasible, as pigment particles may jam the bend actuator Shape A shape memory alloy ♦ High force is ♦ Fatigue emits ♦ IJ26 memory such as TiNi (also available (stresses of maximum number alloy known as Nitinol - hundreds of MPa) of cycles Nickel Titanium alloy ♦ Large strain is ♦ Low strain (1%) developed at the Naval available (more than is required to extend Ordnance Laboratory) 3%) fatigue resistance is thermally switched ♦ High corrosion ♦ Cycle rate limited between its weak resistance by heat removal martensitic state and ♦ Simple ♦ Requires unusual its high stiffness constraction materials (TiNi) austenic state. The ♦ Easy extension ♦ The latent heat of shape of tne actuator from single nozzles transformation must in its martensitic state to pagewidth print be provided is deformed relative to heads ♦ High current the austenic shape. ♦ Low voltage operation The shape change operation ♦ Requires pre- causes ejection of a stressing to distort drop. the martensitic state Linear Linear magnetic ♦ Linear Magnetic ♦ Requires unusual ♦ IJ12 Magnetic actuators include the actuators can be semiconductor Actuator Linear Induction constructed with materials such as Actuator (LIA), Linear high thrust, long soft magnetic alloys Permanent Magnet travel, and high (e.g. CONIFe) Synchronous Actuator efficiency using ♦ Some varieties (LPMSA), Linear planar also require Reluctance semiconductor permanent magnetic Synchronous Actuator fabrication materials such as (LRSA), Linear techniques Neodymium iron Switched Reluctance ♦ Long actuator boron (NdFeB) Actuator (LSRA), and travel is available ♦ Requires complex the Linear Stepper ♦ Medium force is multi-phase drive Actuator (LSA). available circuitry ♦ Low voltage ♦ High current operation operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Actuator This is the simplest Simple operation Drop repetition Thermal ink jet directly mode of operation: the No external fields rate is usually Piezoelectric ink pushes ink actuator directly required limited to around 10 jet supplies sufficient Satellite drops can kHz. However, this IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, kinetic energy to expel be avoided if drop is not fundamental IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, the drop. The drop velocity is less than to the method, but is IJ07, IJ09, IJ11, must have a sufficient 4 mls related to the refill 1112, IJ14, IJ16, velocity to overcome Can be efficient, method normally IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, the surface tension. depending upon the used IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, actuator used All of the drop IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, kinetic energy must IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, be provided by the IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, actuator IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, Satellite drops IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, usually form if drop IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 velocity is greater than 4.5 mls Proximity The drops to be Very simple print Requires close Silverbrook, EP printed are selected by head fabrication can proximity between 0771 658 A2 and some manner (e.g. be used the print head and related patent thermally induced The drop the print media or applications surface tension selection means transfer roller reduction of does not need to May require two pressurized ink). provide the energy print heads printing Selected drops are required to separate alternate rows of the separated from the ink the drop from the image in the nozzle by nozzle Monolithic color contact with the print print heads are medium or a transfer difficult roller. Electro- The drops to be Very simple print Requires very Silverbrook, EP static pull printed are selected by head fabrication can high electrostatic 0771 658 A2 and on ink some manner (e.g. be used field related patent thermally induced The drop Electrostatic field applications surface tension selection means for small nozzle Tone-Jet reduction of does not need to sizes is above air pressurized ink). provide the energy breakdown Selected drops are required to separate Electrostatic field separated from the ink the drop from the may attract dust in the nozzle by a nozzle strong electric field. Magnetic The drops to be Very simple print Requires magnetic Silverbrook, EP pull on ink printed are selected by head fabrication can ink 0771 658 A2 and some manner (e.g. be used Ink colors other related patent thermally induced The drop than black are applications surface tension selection means difficult reduction of does not need to Requires very pressurized ink). provide the energy high magnetic fields Selected drops are required to separate separated from the ink the drop from the in the nozzle by a nozzle strong magnetic field acting on the magnetic ink. Shutter The actuator moves a High speed (>50 Moving parts are IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 shutter to block ink kHz) operation can required flow to the nozzle. The be achieved due to Requires ink ink pressure is pulsed reduced refill time pressure modulator at a multiple of the Drop timing can Friction and wear drop ejection be very accurate must be considered frequency. The actuator Stiction is energy can be very possible low Shuttered The actuator moves a Actuators with Moving parts are IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, grill shutter to block ink small travel can be required IJ19 flow through a grill to used Requires ink the nozzle. The shutter Actuators with pressure modulator movement need only small force can be Friction and wear be equal to the width used must be considered of the grill holes. High speed (>50 Stiction is kHz) operation can possible be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic Extremely low Requires an IJ10 magnetic field attracts an ‘ink energy operation is external pulsed pull on ink pusher’ at the drop possible magnetic field pusher ejection frequency. An No heat Requires special actuator controls a dissipation problems materials for both catch, which prevents the actuator and the the ink pusher from ink pusher moving when a drop is Complex not to be ejected. construction

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly ♦ Simplicity of ♦ Drop ejection ♦ Most ink jets, fires the ink drop, and construction energy must be including there is no external ♦ Simplicity of supplied by piezoelectric and field or other operation individual nozzle thermal bubble. mechanism required. ♦ Small physical actuator ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, size IJ04, IJ05, IJ07, IJ09, IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Oscillating The ink pressure ♦ Oscillating ink ♦ Requires external ♦ Silverbrook, EP ink pressure oscillates, providing pressure can provide ink pressure 0771 658 A2 and (including much of the drop a refill pulse, oscillator related patent acoustic ejection energy. The allowing higher ♦ Ink pressure phase applications stimul- actuator selects which operating speed and amplitude must ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, ation) drops are to be fired ♦ The actuators may be carefully IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, by selectively blocking operate with much controlled IJ21 or enabling nozzles. lower energy ♦ Acoustic The ink pressure ♦ Acoustic lenses reflections in the ink oscillation may be can be used to focus chamber must be achieved by vibrating the sound on the designed for the print head, or nozzles preferably by an actuator in the ink supply. Media The print head is ♦ Low power ♦ Precision ♦ Silverbrook, EP proximity placed in close ♦ High accuracy assembly required 0771 658 A2 and proximity to the print ♦ Simple print head ♦ Paper fibers may related patent medium. Selected construction cause problems applications drops protrude from ♦ Cannot print on the print head further rough substrates than unselected drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer Drops are printed to a ♦ High accuracy ♦ Bulky ♦ Silverbrook, EP roller transfer roller instead ♦ Wide range of ♦ Expensive 0771 658 A2 and of straight to the print print substrates can ♦ Complex related patent medium. A transfer be used construction applications roller can also be used ♦ Ink can be dried ♦ Tektronix hot for proximity drop on the transfer roller melt piezoelectric separation. inkjet ♦ Any of the IJ series Electro- An electric field is ♦ Low power ♦ Field strength ♦ Silverbrook, EP static used to accelerate ♦ Simple print head required for 0771 658 A2 and selected drops towards construction separation of small related patent the print medium. drops is near or applications above air ♦ Tone-Jet breakdown Direct A magnetic field is ♦ Low power ♦ Requires magnetic ♦ Silverbrook, EP magnetic used to accelerate ♦ Simple print head ink 0771 658 A2 and field selected drops of construction ♦ Requires strong related patent magnetic ink towards magnetic field applications the print medium. Cross The print head is ♦ Does not require ♦ Requires external ♦ IJ06, IJ16 magnetic placed in a constant magnetic materials magnet field magnetic field. The to be integrated in ♦ Current densities Lorenz force in a the print head may be high, current carrying wire manufacturing resulting in is used to move the process electromigration actuator. problems Pulsed A pulsed magnetic ♦ Very low power ♦ Complex print ♦ IJ10 magnetic field is used to operation is possible head construction field cyclically attract a Small print head ♦ Magnetic paddle, which pushes size materials required in on the ink. A small print head actuator moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from movin

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator ♦ Operational ♦ Many actuator ♦ Thermal Bubble mechanical simplicity mechanisms have Ink jet amplification is used. insufficient travel, ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, The actuator directly or insufflcient force, IJ07, IJ16, IJ25, drives the drop to efficiently drive IJ26 ejection process. the drop ejection process Differential An actuator material ♦ Provides greater ♦ High stresses are ♦ Piezoelectric expansion expands more on one travel in a reduced involved ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, bend side than on the other. print head area ♦ Care must be IJ18, IJ19, IJ20, actuator The expansion may be taken that the IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, thermal, piezoelectric, materials do not IJ24, IJ27, IJ29, magnetostrictive, or delaminate IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, other mechanism. The ♦ Residual bend IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, bend actuator converts resulting from high IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, a high force low travel temperature or high IJ39, IJ42, IJ43, actuator mechanism to stress during IJ44 high travel, lower formation force mechanism. Transient A trilayer bend ♦ Very good ♦ High stresses are ♦ IJ40, IJ41 bend actuator where the two temperature stability involved actuator outside layers are ♦ High speed, as a ♦ Care must be identical. This cancels new drop can be taken that the bend due to ambient fired before heat materials do not temperature and dissipates delaminate, residual stress. The ♦ Cancels residual actuator only responds stress of formation to transient heating of one side or the other. Reverse The actuator loads a ♦ Better coupling to ♦ Fabrication ♦ IJ05, IJ11 spring spring. When the the ink complexity actuator is turned off, ♦ High stress in the the spring releases. spring This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Actuator A series of thin ♦ Increased travel ♦ Increased ♦ Some stack actuators are stacked. ♦ Reduced drive fabrication piezoelectric ink jets This can be voltage complexity ♦ IJ04 appropriate where ♦ Increased actuators require high possibility of short electric field strength, circuits due to such as electrostatic pinholes and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller ♦ Increases the ♦ Actuator forces ♦ IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, actuators actuators are used force available from may not add IJ20, IJ22, IJ28, simultaneously to an actuator linearly, reducing IJ42, IJ43 move the ink. Each ♦ Multiple actuators efficiency actuator need provide can be positioned to only a portion of the control ink flow force reguired. accurately Linear A linear spring is used ♦ Matches low ♦ Requires print ♦ IJ15 Spring to transform a motion travel actuator with head area for the with small travel and higher travel spring high force into a requirements longer travel, lower ♦ Non-contact force motion. method of motion transformation Coiled A bend actuator is ♦ Increases travel ♦ Generally ♦ IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, actuator coiled to provide ♦ Reduces chip area restricted to planar IJ35 greater travel in a ♦ Planar implementations due reduced chip area. implementations are to extreme relatively easy to fabrication difficulty fabricate. in other orientations. Flexure A bend actuator has a ♦ Simple means of ♦ Care must be ♦ IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 bend small region near the increasing travel of taken not to exceed actuator fixture point, which a bend actuator the elastic limit in flexes much more the flexure area readily than the ♦ Stress distribution remainder of the is very uneven actuator. The actuator ♦ Difflcult to flexing is effectively accurately model converted from an with finite element even coiling to an analysis angular bend, resulting in greater travel of the actuator tip. Catch The actuator controls a ♦ Very low actuator ♦ Complex ♦ IJ10 small catch. The catch energy construction either enables or ♦ Very small ♦ Requires external disables movement of actuator size force an ink pusher that is ♦ Unsuitable for controlled in a bulk pigmented inks manner. Gears Gears can be used to ♦ Low force, low ♦ Moving parts are ♦ IJ13 increase travel at the travel actuators can required expense of duration. be used ♦ Several actuator Circular gears, rack ♦ Can be fabricated cycles are required and pinion, ratchets, using standard ♦ More complex and other gearing surface MEMS drive electronics methods can be used. processes ♦ Complex construction ♦ Friction, friction, and wear are possible Buckle plate A buckle plate can be ♦ Very fast ♦ Must stay within ♦ S. Hirata et al, used to change a slow movement elastic limits of the “An Ink-jet Head actuator into a fast achievable materials for long Using Diaphragm motion. It can also device life Microactuator”, convert a high force, ♦ High stresses Proc. IEEE MEMS, low travel actuator into involved Feb. 1996, pp 418- a high travel, medium ♦ Generally high 423. force motion. power requirement ♦ IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A tapered magnetic ♦ Linearizes the ♦ Complex ♦ IJ14 magnetic pole can increase magnetic constriction pole travel at the expense of force/distance curve force. Lever A lever and fulcrum is ♦ Matches low ♦ High stress ♦ IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 used to transform a travel actuator with around the fulcrum motion with small higher travel travel and high force requirements into a motion with ♦ Fulcrum area has longer travel and lower no linear movement, force. The lever can and can be used for also reverse the a fluid seal direction of travel. Rotary The actuator is ♦ High mechanical ♦ Complex ♦ IJ28 impeller connected to a rotary advantage construction impeller. A small ♦ The ratio of force ♦ Unsuitable for angular deflection of to travel of the pigmented inks the actuator results in a actuator can be rotation of the impeller matched to the vanes, which push the nozzle requirements ink against stationary by varying the vanes and out of the number of impeller nozzle. vanes Acoustic A refractive or ♦ No moving parts ♦ Large area ♦ IJ93 Hadimioglu lens diffractive (e.g. zone required et al, EUP 550,192 plate) acoustic lens is ♦ Only relevant for ♦ IJ93 Ekod et al, used to concentrate acoustic ink jets EUP 572,220 sound waves. Sharp A sharp point is used ♦ Simple ♦ Difficult to ♦ Tone-jet conductive to concentrate an construction fabricate using point electrostatic field. standard VLSI processes for a surface ejecting ink- jet ♦ Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets.

ACTUATOR MOTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the ♦ Simple ♦ High energy is ♦ Hewlett-Packard expansion actuator changes, construction in the typically required to Thermal Ink jet. pushing the ink in all case of thermal ink achieve volume ♦ Canon Bubblejet directions. jet expansion. This leads to thermal stress, cavitation, and kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, The actuator moves in ♦ Efficient coupling ♦ High fabrication ♦ IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, normal to a direction normal to to ink drops ejected complexity may be IJ07, IJ11, IJ14 chip surface the print head surface. normal to the required to achieve The nozzle is typically surface perpendicular in the line of motion movement. Parallel to The actuator moves ♦ Suitable for ♦ Fabrication ♦ IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, chip surface parallel to the print planar fabrication complexity IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, head surface. Drop ♦ Friction IJ36 ejection may still be ♦ Stiction normal to the surface. Membrane An actuator with a ♦ The effective area ♦ Fabrication ♦ 1982 Howkins push high force but small of the actuator complexity U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,601 area is used to push a becomes the ♦ Actuator size stiff membrane that is membrane area ♦ Difflculty of in contact with the ink. integration in a VLSI process Rotary The actuator causes ♦ Rotary levers may ♦ Device ♦ IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, the rotation of some be used to increase complexity IJ28 element, such a grill or travel ♦ May have friction impeller ♦ Small chip area at a pivot point requirements Bend The actuator bends ♦ A very small ♦ Requires the ♦ 1970 Kyser et al when energized. This change in actuator to be made U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 may be due to dimensions can be ftom at least two ♦ 1973 Stemme differential thermal converted to a large distinct layers, or to U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 expansion, motion. have a thermal ♦ IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, piezoelectric difference across the IJ19, IJ23, IJ24, expansion, actuator IJ25, IJ29, IJ30, magnetostriction, or IJ31, IJ33, IJ34, other form of relative IJ35 dimensional change. Swivel The actuator swivels ♦ Allows operation ♦ Inefficient ♦ IJ06 around a central pivot. where the net linear coupling to the ink This motion is suitable force on the paddle motion where there are is zero opposite forces ♦ Small chip area applied to opposite requirements sides of the paddle, e.g. Lorenz force. Straighten The actuator is ♦ Can be used with ♦ Requires careful ♦ IJ26, IJ32 normally bent, and shape memory balance of stresses straightens when alloys where the to ensure that the energized. austenic phase is quiescent bend is planar accurate Double The actuator bends in ♦ One actuator can ♦ Difficult to make ♦ IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 bend one direction when be used to power the drops ejected by one element is two nozzles. both bend directions energized, and bends ♦ Reduced chip identical. the other way when size. ♦ A small efficiency another element is ♦ Not sensitive to loss compared to energized. ambient temperature equivalent single bend actuators. Shear Energizing the ♦ Can increase the ♦ Not readily ♦ 1985 Fishbeck actuator causes a shear effective travel of applicable to other U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,590 motion in the actuator piezoelectric actuator material. actuators mechanisms Radial con- The actuator squeezes ♦ Relatively easy to ♦ High force ♦ 1970 Zoltan striction an ink reservoir, fabricate single required U.S. Pat. No. forcing ink from a nozzles from glass ♦ Inefficient 3,683,212 constricted nozzle. tubing as ♦ Difficult to macroscopic integrate with VLSI structures processes Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator ♦ Easy to fabricate ♦ Difficult to ♦ IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, uncoils or coils more as a planar VLSI fabricate for non- IJ35 tightly. The motion of process planar devices the free end of the ♦ Small area ♦ Poor out-of-plane actuator ejects the ink. required, therefore stiffness low cost Bow The actuator bows (or ♦ Can increase the ♦ Maximum travel ♦ IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 buckles) in the middle speed of travel is constrained when energized. ♦ Mechanically ♦ High force rigid reguired Push-Pull Two actuators control ♦ The structure is ♦ Not readily ♦ IJ18 a shutter. One actuator pinned at both ends, suitable for ink jets pulls the shutter, and so has a high out-of- which direcdy push the other pushes it. plane rigidity the ink Curl A set of actuators curl ♦ Good fluid flow ♦ Design ♦ IJ20, IJ42 inwards inwards to reduce the to the region behind complexity volume of ink that they the actuator enclose. increases efficiency Curl A set of actuators curl ♦ Relatively simple ♦ Relatively large ♦ IJ43 outwards outwards, pressurizing construction chip area ink in a chamber surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose ♦ High efficiency ♦ High fabrication ♦ IJ22 a volume of ink. These ♦ Small chip area complexity simultaneously rotate, ♦ Not suitable for reducing the volume pigmented inks between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates ♦ The actuator can ♦ Large area ♦ ♦ 1993 Hadimioglu vibration at a high frequency. be physically distant required for efficient et al, EUP 550,192 from the ink operation at useful ♦ 1993 Elrod et al, frequencies EUP 572,220 ♦ Acoustic coupling and crosstalk ♦ Complex drive circuitry ♦ Poor control of ♦ drop volume and position None In various ink jet ♦ No moving parts ♦ Various other ♦ Silverbrook, EP designs the actuator tradeoffs are 0771 658 A2 and does not move. required to eliminate related patent moving parts applications ♦ Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface This is the normal way ♦ Fabrication ♦ Low speed ♦ Thermal ink jet tension that inkjets are simplicity ♦ Surface tension ♦ Piezoelectric ink refilled. After the ♦ Operational force relatively jet actuator is energized, simplicity small compared to ♦ IJ01-IJ07, IJ10- it typically returns actuator force IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, rapidly to its normal ♦ Long refill time IJ22-IJ45 position. This rapid usually dominates return sucks in air the total repetition through the nozzle rate opening. The ink surface tension at the nozzle then exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. This force refills the nozzle. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle ♦ High speed Requires common ♦ IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, oscillating chamber is provided at ♦ Low actuator ink pressure IJ17, IJ15, IJ19, ink pressure a pressure that energy, as the oscillator IJ21 oscillates at twice the actuator need only ♦ May not be drop ejection open or close the suitable for frequency. When a shutter, instead of pigmented inks drop is to be ejected, ejecting the ink drop the shutter is opened for 3 half cycles: drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. The shutter is then closed to prevent the nozzle chamber emptying during the next negative pressure cycle. Refill After the main actuator ♦ High speed, as the ♦ Requires two ♦ IJ09 actuator has ejected a drop a nozzle is actively independent second (refill) actuator refilled actuators per nozzle is energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again.

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet channel Design simplicity Restricts refill rate Thermal ink jet channel to the nozzle chamber Operational May result in a Piezoelectric ink is made long and simplicity relatively large chip jet relatively narrow, Reduces crosstalk area IJ42, IJ43 relying on viscous Only partially drag to reduce inlet effective back-flow. Positive ink The ink is under a Drop selection Requires a Silverbrook, EP pressure positive pressure, so and separation method (such as a 0771 658 A2 and that in the quiescent forces can be nozzle rim or related patent state some of the ink reduced effective applications drop already protrudes Fast refill time hydrophobizing, or Possible operation from the nozzle. both) to prevent of the following: This reduces the flooding of the IJ01-IJ07, IJ09- pressure in the nozzle ejection surface of IJ12, IJ14, IJ16, chamber which is the print head. IJ20, IJ22, IJ23- required to eject a IJ34, IJ36-IJ41, certain volume of ink. IJ44 The reduction in chamber pressure results in a reduction in ink pushed out through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles The refill rate is Design HP Thermal Ink are placed in the inlet not as restricted as complexity Jet ink flow. When the the long inlet May increase Tektronix actuator is energized, method. fabrication piezoelectric ink jet the rapid ink Reduces crosstalk complexity (e.g. movement creates Tektronix hot melt eddies which restrict Piezoelectric print the flow through the heads). inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently Significantly Not applicable to Canon restricts disclosed by Canon, reduces back-flow most ink jet inlet the expanding actuator for edge-shooter configurations (bubble) pushes on a thermal ink jet Increased flexible flap that devices fabrication restricts the inlet. complexity Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter A filter is located Additional Restricts refill rate IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, between the ink inlet advantage of ink May result in IJ27, IJ29, IJ30 and the nozzle filtration complex chamber. The filter has Ink filter may be construction a multitude of small fabricated with no holes or slots, additional process restricting ink flow. steps The filter also removes particles which may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel Design simplicity Restricts refill rate IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to the nozzle chamber May result in a to nozzle has a substantially relatively large chip smaller cross section area than that of the nozzle Only partially resulting in easier ink effective egress out of the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator Increases speed of Requires separate IJ09 controls the position of the ink-jet print refill actuator and a shutter, closing off head operation drive circuit the ink inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the Back-flow Requires careful IJ01, IJ03, 1J05, located problem of inlet back- problem is design to minimize IJ06, IJ07, IJ10, behind the flow by arranging the eliminated the negative IJ11, IJ14, IJ16, ink-pushing ink-pushing surface of pressure behind the IJ22, IJ23,IJ25, surface the actuator between paddle IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, the inlet and the IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, nozzle. IJ36, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 Part of the The actuator and a Significant Small increase in IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, actuator wall of the ink reductions in back- fabrication IJ38 moves to chamber are arranged flow can be complexity shut off the so that the motion of achieved inlet the actuator closes off Compact designs the inlet. possible Nozzle In some configurations Ink back-flow None related to Silverbrook, EP actuator of ink jet, there is no problem is ink back-flow on 0771 658 A2 and does not expansion or eliminated actuation related patent result in ink movement of an applications back-flow actuator which may Valve-jet cause ink back-flow Tone-jet through the inlet.

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal All of the nozzles are No added May not be Most ink jet nozzle firing fired periodically, complexity on the sufficient to displace systems before the ink has a print head dried ink IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, chance to dry. When IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, not in use the nozzles IJ07, IJ09, IJ10, are sealed (capped) IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, against air. IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, The nozzle firing is IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, usually performed IJ26, IJ27, IJ28, during a special IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, clearing cycle, after IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, first moving the print IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, head to a cleaning IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, station. IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Extra In systems which heat Can be highly Requires higher Silverbrook, EP power to the ink, but do not boil effective if the drive voltage for 0771 658 A2 and ink heater it under normal heater is adjacent to clearing related patent situations, nozzle the nozzle May require applications clearing can be larger drive achieved by over- transistors powering the heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in Does not require Effectiveness May be used with: success-ion rapid succession. In extra drive circuits depends IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, of actuator some configurations, on the print head substantially upon IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, pulses this may cause heat Can be readily the configuration of IJ07, IJ09, IJ10, build-up at the nozzle controlled and the inkjet nozzle IJ11, IJ14, IJ16, which boils the ink, initiated by digital IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, clearing the nozzle. In logic IJ24, IJ25, IJ27, other situations, it may IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, cause sufficient IJ31, 1132, IJ33, vibrations to dislodge IJ34, IJ36, IJ37, clogged nozzles. IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Extra Where an actuator is A simple solution Not suitable May be used with: power to not normally driven to where applicable where there is a IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, ink pushing the limit of its motion, hard limit to IJ20, IJ23, IJ24, actuator nozzle clearing may be actuator movement IJ25, IJ27, IJ29, assisted by providing IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, an enhanced drive IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, signal to the actuator. IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is A high nozzle High IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, resonance applied to the ink clearing capability implementation cost IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, chamber. This wave is can be achieved if system does not IJ21 of an appropriate May be already include an amplitude and implemented at very acoustic actuator frequency to cause low cost in systems sufficient force at the which already nozzle to clear include acoustic blockages. This is actuators easiest to achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A microfabricated Can clear severely Accurate Silverbrook, EP clearing plate is pushed against clogged nozzles mechanical 0771 658 A2 and plate the nozzles. The plate alignment is related patent has a post for every required applications nozzle. A post moves Moving paths are through each nozzle, required displacing dried ink. There is risk of damage to the nozzles Accurate fabrication is required Ink The pressure of the May be effective Requires pressure May be used with pressure ink is temporarily where other pump or other all IJ series ink jets pulse increased so that ink methods cannot be pressure actuator streams from all of used Expensive. the nozzles. This may Wasteful of ink be used in conjunction with actuator energizing. Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is Effective for Difficult to use if Many ink jet wiper wiped across the print planar print head print head surface is systems head surface. The surfaces non-planar or very blade is usually Low cost fragile fabricated from a Requires flexible polymer, e.g. mechanical parts rubber or synthetic Blade can wear elastomer. out in high volume print systems Separate A separate heater is Can be effective Fabrication Can be used with ink boiling provided at the nozzle where other nozzle complexity many IJ series ink heater although the normal clearing methods jets drop ejection cannot be used mechanism does not Can be require it. The heaters implemented at no do not require additional cost in individual drive some ink jet circuits, as many configurations nozzles can be cleared simultaneously, and no imaging is required.

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electro- A nozzle plate is Fabrication High temperatures Hewlett Packard formed separately fabricated simplicity and pressures are Thermal Ink jet nickel from electroformed required to bond nickel, and bonded to nozzle plate the print head chip. Minimum thickness constraints Differential thermal expansion Laser Individual nozzle No masks Each hole must be Canon Bubblejet ablated or holes are ablated by an required individually formed 1988 Sercel et al., drilled intense UV laser in a Can be quite fast Special equipment SPIE, Vol. 998 polymer nozzle plate, which is Some control over required Excimer Beam typically a polymer nozzle profile is Slow where there Applications, pp such as polyimide or possible are many thousands 76-83 polysulphone Equipment of nozzles per print 1993 Watanabe et required is relatively head al., USP 5,208,604 low cost May produce thin burrs at exit holes Silicon A separate nozzle High accuracy is Two part K. Bean, IEEE micro- plate is micromachined attainable construction Transactions on machined from single crystal High cost Electron Devices, silicon, and bonded to Requires Vol. ED-25, No. 10, the print head wafer. precision alignment 1978, pp 1185-1195 Nozzles may be Xerox 1990 clogged by adhesive Hawkins et al., USP 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries No expensive Very small nozzle 1970 Zoltan USP capillaries are drawn from glass equipment required sizes are difficult to 3,683,212 tubing. This method Simple to make form has been used for single nozzles Not suited for making individual mass production nozzles, but is difficult to use for bulk manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is High accuracy (<1 Requires Silverbrook, EP surface deposited as a layer μm) sacrificial layer 0771 658 A2 and micro- using standard VLSI Monolithic under the nozzle related patent machined deposition techniques. Low cost plate to form the applications using VLSI Nozzles are etched in Existing processes nozzle chamber IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, litho- the nozzle plate using can be used Surface may be IJ11, IJ12, IJ17, graphic VLSI lithography and fragile to the touch IJ18, IJ20, IJ22, processes etching. IJ24, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a High accuracy (<1 Requires long IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, etched buried etch stop in the μm) etch times IJ07, IJ08, 1309, through wafer. Nozzle Monolithic Requires a IJ10, IJ13, IJ14, substrate chambers are etched in Low cost support wafer IJ15, IJ16, IJ19, the front of the wafer, No differential IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, and the wafer is expansion IJ26 thinned from the back side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various methods have No nozzles to Difficult to Ricoh 1995 plate been tried to eliminate become clogged control drop Sekiya et al USP the nozzles entirely, to position accurately 5,412,413 prevent nozzle Crosstalk 1993 Hadimioglu clogging. These problems et al EUP 550,192 include thermal bubble 1993 Elrod et al mechanisms and EUP 572,220 acoustic lens mechanisms Trough Each drop ejector has Reduced Drop firing IJ35 a trough through manufacturing direction is sensitive which a paddle moves. complexity to wicking. There is no nozzle Monolithic plate. Nozzle slit The elimination of No nozzles to Difficult to 1989 Saito et al instead of nozzle holes and become clogged control drop USP 4,799,068 individual replacement by a slit position accurately nozzles encompassing many Crosstalk actuator positions problems reduces nozzle clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is along the Simple Nozzles limited to Canon Bubblejet (‘edge surface of the chip, construction edge 1979 Endo et al GB shooter’) and ink drops are No silicon etching High resolution is patent 2,007,162 ejected from the chip required difficult Xerox heater-in- edge. Good heat sinking Fast color printing pit 1990 Hawkins et via substrate requires one print al U.S. Pat. No. Mechanically head per color 4,899,181 strong Tone-jet Ease of chip handing Surface Ink flow is along the No bulk silicon Maximum ink Hewlett-Packard (‘roof surface of the chip, etching required flow is severely TIJ 1982 Vaught et shooter’) and ink drops are Silicon can make restricted al U.S. Pat. No. ejected from the chip an effective heat 4,490,728 surface, normal to the sink IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, plane of the chip. Mechanical IJ20, IJ22 strength Through Ink flow is through the High ink flow Requires bulk Silverbrook, EP chip, chip, and ink drops are Suitable for silicon etching 0771 658 A2 and forward ejected from the front pagewidth print related patent (‘up surface of the chip. heads applications shooter’) High nozzle IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, packing density IJ24, IJ27-IJ45 therefore low manufacturing cost Through Ink flow is through the High ink flow Requires wafer IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, chip, chip, and ink drops are Suitable for thinning IJ06, IJ07, IJ08, reverse ejected from the rear pagewidth print Requires special IJ09, IJ10, IJ13, (‘down surface of the chip. heads handling during IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, shooter’) High nozzle manufacture IJ19, 1321, IJ23, packing density IJ25, IJ26 therefore low manufacturing cost Through Ink flow is through the Suitable for Pagewidth print Epson Stylus actuator actuator, which is not piezoelectric print heads require Tektronix hot fabricated as part of heads several thousand melt piezoelectric the same substrate as connections to drive ink jets the drive transistors. circuits Cannot be manufactured in standard CMOS fabs Complex assembly required

INK TYPE Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, Water based ink which Environmentally Slow drying Most existing ink dye typically contains: friendly Corrosive jets water, dye, surfactant, No odor Bleeds on paper All IJ series ink humectant, and May strikethrough jets biocide. Cockles paper Silverbrook, EP Modem ink dyes have 0771 658 A2 and high water-fastness, related patent light fastness applications Aqueous, Water based ink which Environmentally Slow drying IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, pigment typically contains: friendly Corrosive IJ26, IJ27, IJ30 water, pigment, No odor Pigment may clog Silverbrook, EP surfactant, humectant, Reduced bleed nozzles 0771 658 A2 and and biocide. Reduced wicking Pigment may clog related patent Pigments have an Reduced actuator applications advantage in reduced strikethrough mechanisms Piezoelectric ink- bleed, wicking and Cockles paper jets strikethrough. Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl MEK is a highly Very fast drying Odorous All IJ series ink Ethyl volatile solvent used Prints on various Flammable jets Ketone for industrial printing substrates such as (MEK) on difficult surfaces metals and plastics such as aluminum cans. Alcohol Alcohol based inks can Fast drying Slight odor All IJ series ink (ethanol, 2- be used where the Operates at sub- Flammable jets butanol, printer must operate at freezing and others) temperatures below the temperatures freezing point of Reduced paper water. An example of cockle this is in-camera Low cost consumer photographic printing. Phase The ink is solid at No drying time- High viscosity Tektronix hot change room temperature, and ink instantly freezes Printed ink melt piezoelectric (hot melt) is melted in the print on the print medium typically has a ink jets head before jetting. Almost any print ‘waxy’ feel 1989 Nowak USP Hot melt inks are medium can be used Printed pages may 4,820,346 usually wax based, No paper cockle ‘block’ All IJ series ink with a melting point occurs Ink temperature jets around 80° C. After No wicking may be above the jetting the ink freezes occurs curie point of almost instantly upon No bleed occurs permanent magnets contacting the print No strikethrough Ink heaters medium or a transfer occurs consume power roller. Long warm-up time Oil Oil based inks are High solubility High viscosity: All IJ series ink extensively used in medium for some this is a significant jets offset printing. They dyes limitation for use in have advantages in Does not cockle ink jets, which improved paper usually require a characteristics on Does not wick low viscosity. Some paper (especially no through paper short chain and wicking or cockle). Oil multi-branched oils soluble dies and have a sufficiently pigments are required. low viscosity. Slow drying Micro- A microemulsion is a Stops ink bleed Viscosity higher All IJ series ink emulsion stable, self forming High dye than water jets emulsion of oil, water, solubility Cost is slightly and surfactant. The Water, oil, and higher than water characteristic drop size amphiphilic soluble based ink is less than 100 nm, dies can be used High surfactant and is determined by Can stabilize concentration the preferred curvature pigment suspensions required (around of the surfactant. 5%) 

What is claimed is:
 1. An ink jet print head comprising: (a) an ink ejection chamber having an ejection port to eject ink, said chamber being in fluid communication with an ink reservoir for supplying ink to be ejected; (b) means for creating a magnetic field in a zone of said print head; and (c) at least one wall of said chamber comprising a moveable diaphragm of a corrugated or concertina form located in said zone and having means for conducting an electric current therein on demand, said diaphragm actuated by means of Lorentz force on said electric current due to said magnetic field so as to cause the consequential ejection of ink from said ink ejection chamber.
 2. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for conducting an electric current includes a conductive coil embedded in said diaphragm.
 3. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 wherein said diaphragm is expandable upon actuation.
 4. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 3 wherein said diaphragm undergoes expansion by concertina.
 5. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 wherein said diaphragm is formed using an approximately half-tone mask.
 6. An ink jet print head as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for creating a magnetic field includes a conductive coil surrounding said moveable diaphragm.
 7. An ink jet print head as claimed in any preceding claim wherein said chamber is formed by means of an anisotropic etch of a silicon wafer.
 8. An ink jet print head comprising: (a) an ink ejection chamber having an ejection port to eject ink, said chamber being in fluid communication with an ink reservoir for supplying ink to be ejected; (b) means for creating a magnetic field in a zone of said print head; and (c) at least one wall of said chamber comprising a moveable diaphragm located in said zone and having means for conducting an electric current therein on demand, said diaphragm actuated by means of a Lorentz force on said electric current due to said magnetic field so as to cause the consequential ejection of ink from said ink ejection chamber, said diaphragm being expandable upon actuation and said diaphragm undergoing expansion by concertina.
 9. An ink jet print head comprising: (a) an ink ejection chamber having an ejection port to eject ink, said chamber being in fluid communication with an ink reservoir for supplying ink to be ejected; (b) means for creating a magnetic field in a zone of said print head; and (c) at least one wall of said chamber comprising a moveable diaphragm of a corrugated to concertina form and formed using an approximately half-toned mask, the diaphragm located in said zone and having means for conducting an electric current therein on demand, said diaphragm actuated by means of a Lorentz force on said electric current due to said magnetic field so as to cause the consequential ejection of ink from said ink ejection chamber. 